Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal - No. 1/2022

https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2021.40
Statistika, 102(1): 5-19

Abstract
The household final consumption expenditure is an important factor in economic development and, at the same time, a reflection of households' economic behaviour. When economic recession occurs, households respond in their consumption not immediately, but with a certain delay, which somewhat slows down and alleviates the crisis. On the other hand, when recovery comes, a slower growth in consumption delays the economic boom. The Czech economy has undergone four crises in the most recent 30 years. The goal of the present paper is to establish whether the delayed consumption effect has been valid for the turbulent development in the Czech economy and what is the role played by expenditure on assets with different durability. Our source is the publicly available data from the Czech Statistical Office.

Keywords
Household final consumption expenditure, GDP, consumption smoothing

Statistika, 102(1): 20-34

Abstract
The paper brings a deeper outlook at the development of productive population by 2060 in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic will be strongly confronted with population ageing and suitable mix of different policies will be needed. The crucial issue is, how much the development of labour productivity as well as technical progress can prevent radical increases in statutory retirement age. Capping this fundamental economic parameter at the age of 65 years will shift economic burden on productive population that will have to respond. We bring a deeper view on the structure of current labour force and its possible development by 2060. This comes from the combination of official demographic projection and computable general equilibrium model based on Leontief input-output principles. We prove that economic sustainability of such parameters is more than uncertain since the estimates of the potential burden incurred by population ageing is significant despite the compensation by the changes in labour productivity and technological growth.

Keywords
Demographic ageing, labour force, productivity, CGE

Statistika, 102(1): 35-45

Abstract
Government deficit and debt represent one of the most prominent statistical aggregates playing a major role in the fiscal surveillance and in the assessment of fiscal sustainability. Achieving fiscal sustainability commonly requires a certain level of surplus/deficit to maintain a sustainable level of debt. When doing so, a close relation between both key aggregates is implicitly expected. Long-term evolution of both aggregates however does not confirm that it is the case. By analysing the data for the period 2001–2020 and by discussing the underlying statistical methodology, the paper aims to scrutinise the key factors contributing to rather counterintuitive findings where the debt is growing at a faster pace, even in the long-term, than the government deficit/surplus would suggest. The paper thus discusses the methodological causes behind the observed deviation.

Keywords
Government deficit, government debt, stock-flow adjustments, fiscal sustainability

Statistika, 102(1): 46-58

Abstract
Income is one of the appropriate indicators for the evaluating of living standards of people, so it is important to examine the distribution of income and its degree of differentiation in society. A lot of research has been directed at describing empirical distributions by the theoretical model. In 2010 Zenga proposed a new threeparameter model for economic size distribution. The aim of this paper was to apply Zenga model to income distribution in the Czech Republic and in Poland. The results of conducted approximations obtained by means of D’Addario’s invariants methods confirm that the Zenga distribution is a good income distribution model which can be successfully applied to income inequality analysis and income distribution comparisons both in the Czech Republic and in Poland.

Keywords
Household income, Zenga distribution, Gini inequality index, Zenga income inequality index

https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2021.39
Statistika, 102(1): 59-72

Abstract
As the traditional approaches to measure economic growth have been lately a subject to several criticisms, there is an urge to find more suitable indicators covering the environmental and social aspects of progress. The aim of this paper is therefore to construct an alternative, country-specific indicator of subjective well-being, the so-called adjusted happy planet index (AHPI) for 28 EU member states in years 2012 and 2017. The ordinary least squares regression reveals a weak negative correlation between AHPI and gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc), but since we analyze countries, it is appropriate to use spatial econometric methods, which revealed the spatial relationship between EU-28 countries. Furthermore, the spillover effects are observed as well. This holds especially for natural resources, the reduction of which decreases a level of AHPI in EU-28 countries.

Keywords
​AHPI, GDP, environment, spatial econometric model, subjective well-being

https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2021.34
Statistika, 102(1): 73-83

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic have dramatically affected the socio-economic structure in the world since governments put into action considerable precautions including lockdowns to reduce the speed of the contagion. Focusing on this point, we empirically investigate the environmental outcomes of the Covid-19 precautions and lockdowns in Turkey. The empirical analysis through the data obtained from different measurement stations indicate that the air pollution in the selected Turkish cities decreased due to the implemented precautions. The findings suggest that the Covid-19 might be an opportunity to rethink some economic and behavioral practices, as demonstrated by the reduction in the emission of air pollutants.

Keywords
​Covid-19 pandemic, social interaction, greenhouse gas emission

Statistika, 102(1): 84-97

Abstract
Manufacturing of motor vehicles and transport equipment is a key industry in the Czech Republic – it contributes to the national GDP by about 4.6%. The article applies economy-wide material system analysis (EW-MSA) in order to quantify physical material flows mobilized by manufacturing and use of motor vehicles and transport equipment in the Czech Republic. The results show that the Czech Republic is not endowed with the resources needed for the manufacture of motor vehicles such as metals or crude oil for manufacturing of plastics and thus these resources have to be imported. The physical stock of motor vehicles is growing in the Czech Republic, which poses a need for expansion of transport infrastructures. Moreover, almost 70% of waste from motor vehicles manufacturing and use is exported or landfilled, which represent a loss of resources that could be recycled domestically and sent back to manufacturing.

Keywords
​Economy-wide material system analysis (EW-MSA), motor vehicles and transport equipment, dependency on foreign natural resources, physical stock of the economy, waste recycling, Czech Republic

https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2021.30
Statistika, 102(1): 98-109

Abstract
Energy production and consumption exert considerable environmental pressure on climate change, deterioration of natural ecosystems and adverse health impacts. Our paper/scientific approach starts from the premise that in the near future the Romanian Electricity Market will be completely liberalized in order to be integrated in the Single Market Electricity. These profound changes will have a strong impact on the household behaviour. In this regard, we develop a dynamic model for the electricity market, based on the principle of supply and demand equilibrium. At the same time, by means of extrapolation methods we are deducing the expressions of demand and supply functions for electricity. These expressions are entered in a demand-supply model given by a dynamical system. The aim of this study is to investigate the equilibrium and the evolution of this system based on data sets from 1999 to 2021, in order to determine the evolution of electricity consumption and to establish competitive advantages for sustainable consumption.

Keywords
​Consumption, energy, environment, equilibrium model, prices liberalization, Romania