Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal - No. 4/2025

Statistika, 105(4): 433–447
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2025.45

Abstract
The study analyzes the heterogeneity of the housing stock and its impact on rent levels in Prague. Using web scraping and hedonic log-log regression on data from the SReality portal (20 184 apartments offered), it quantifies the impact of layout, size, and amenities (elevator, terrace, garage, facilities, new construction) on the price per square meter and examines the spatial and temporal variability of these factors. It compares classic indices (Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher) with their hedonic variants to assess whether changes in the structure of supply distort aggregate statistics. The results show significant spatial heterogeneity of parameters, but only slight differences between traditional and hedonic indices in short-term monitoring.

Keywords
Rent prices, hedonic regression, heterogeneity of housing stock, web scraping

Statistika, 105(4): 448–462
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2024.65

Abstract
The pursuit of sustainable development has emerged as a pivotal concern in contemporary business discourse. Sustainable development is increasingly important for businesses, including micro-enterprises, which must address sustainability challenges to stay competitive and viable. A key aspect of corporate sustainability is understanding stakeholder dynamics and translating their needs into business practices. Our research, using a questionnaire, examined the relationship between sustainability pressures from six key stakeholders on Hungarian microenterprises. We also explored whether distinct groups of variables could be identified based on the perceived directions of these sustainability pressures. Our findings, grounded on optimal scaling and multidimensional scaling analyses, reveal a clear link between how micro-enterprises monitor stakeholder activities and the focal points of these stakeholders' impact concerning sustainability. Managers must prioritize stakeholders based on their influence, whether through legal regulations, social values, or financial factors. This prioritization helps micro-enterprises effectively target their sustainability efforts, enhancing performance and long-term success.

Keywords
Sustainability, stakeholders, optimal scaling, micro enterprises, sustainable business

Statistika, 105(4): 463–473
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2024.74

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is the analysis of public expenditures in the education and health sectors in relation to economic development in Kosovo. The work is carried out with the quantitative methodology, which is based on secondary data. The research covers a long-term period with the data from 2000 to 2023. In the analysis of the impact of public spending in the education and health sector on the economic growth of Kosovo, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used, which deals with time series data, in a long-term period of 24 years. Findings from the research show that public spending supports the hypothesis that the policy of public spending on education positively affects the economic growth of Kosovo, emphasizing the importance of sustainable investments in educational initiatives for long-term economic development. However, these findings do not provide sufficient support for the hypothesis that the public health spending policy significantly contributes to the economic growth of Kosovo.

Keywords
Economic development, education and health sector, public expenditures, Republic of Kosovo

Statistika, 105(4): 474–492
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2024.64

Abstract
As tourism brings about economic benefits through spending, infrastructure development and investments, destination competitiveness has raised in the last decades interest in the scientific and academic literature. Then, researchers and policymakers are becoming more and more involved in finding the drivers of this phenomenon. However, the complexity and multidimensionality of destination competitiveness make its measurement a challenging task. One of the most powerful tools for measuring multidimensional phenomena is the composite index, and in this paper, a synthetic measure based on a non-compensatory approach for calculating destination attractiveness is proposed. This index, calculated for the Italian regions, is then compared with regional tourism performances, with the aim of assessing destination competitiveness. The results highlight the strength of this approach for the construction of a composite index, and show an original application on Italian regional data.

Keywords
Composite index, destination competitiveness, multidimensional phenomena, regional data, tourism statistics

Statistika, 105(4): 493–508
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2024.67

Abstract
Income inequality has been a persistent challenge for policymakers worldwide, especially in developing economies. This study aims to explore the dynamics of income inequality in lower-middle-income economies by analyzing the long-run impact of critical macroeconomic factors. Utilizing annual panel data for 18 lowermiddle-income countries from 1996 to 2018, the study employs the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). Furthermore, the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimator is utilized to validate coefficient estimation. The findings suggest a significant nonlinear linkage between economic growth and income inequality and confirm the Kuznets Curve Hypothesis (KCH) in the selected panel. The findings also substantiate significant long-run positive effects of inflation, trade, and unemployment on income inequality. However, the long-run impact of gross capital formation (GCF) is insignificant. The insights gained from this study could inform policymaking to foster inclusive economic growth and reduce income disparities within lower-middle-income economies.

Keywords
Income inequality, macroeconomic factors, lower-middleincome countries, dynamic panel models

Statistika, 105(4): 509–521
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2025.5

Abstract
This study examines how institutions and free trade agreements affect India's actual export and import potential using a panel data set of 40 nations for the years 2000–2022. A simultaneous single-step stochastic frontier model was generated in order to determine the trade efficiency (actualized trade potential). A system generalized method of moments estimator was then used to calculate the influence of institutions and free trade agreements. The results indicate that average export efficiency and import efficiency were found to be approximately 76% and 57%, respectively. Bilateral Free Trade Agreements are positively correlated with the trade efficiency while Multilateral Free Trade Agreements produce negative or insignificant results. The institutional-distance variables yield distinct outcomes for import efficiency and export efficiency.

Keywords
Trade potential, institutional distance, FTA, Gravity Model, Stochastic Frontier Model, GMM

Statistika, 105(4): 522–537
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2024.57

Abstract
This study simulates financial crises within Morocco's exchange rate market using over 15 years of quarterly data. A Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model is developed to analyse key economic variables influencing Morocco's forex dynamics. The paper outlines four distinct crisis scenarios related to the Exchange rate liberalisation process, explicitly considering the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The simulations reveal critical insights that can assist academics and economic stakeholders effectively manage the risks associated with exchange rate transitions and global financial crises in developing countries. The findings emphasise the importance of tailored policy responses and risk management strategies, which are crucial for similar economies facing vulnerabilities in their foreign exchange markets. Additionally, this research offers a framework that can be adapted to analyse the economic dynamics of other developing nations, enhancing their ability to navigate periods of economic turbulence and fostering resilience against future financial shocks.

Keywords
COVID-19, flexibilization, crisis simulation, exchange rate, Morocco