Balance of Energy Processes for Fuels Upgrading
Commentary | Contents |
Methodical instructions (indicators contents)
Primary energy sources remained, in 2002, on the prior year level (decrease by 0.5%). However, there occurred some changes in their structure. First of all there is marked decrease in solid fuels extraction (by 4.3%), electricity export furthermore increased in comparison with 2001 and again more than two times exceeded its import. On the other hand solid fuels export decreased (by 9.2%), natural gas import increased (by 2.3%). But above all, heat production increased due to yearly operation of the nuclear power plant Temelín (increase nearly by 37%).
The gross domestic product (in 1995 constant prices) was decreasing from 1997 to 1999. In 2000 and 2001, the GDP growth reached more than 3%, in 2002, the yearly GDP growth remained in within the range of 1 to 2%. Energy intensity (demandingness) of the national economy, expressed by quotient of primary energy sources and gross domestic product consumption in basic prices (in 1995 constant prices), lowered from 1.183 GJ/thous. CZK in 2001 to 1.158 GJ/thous. CZK in 2002.
Energy sources, extracted in the Czech Republic and imported into the Czech Republic are, for the most part, upgraded (c. 83 % in 2002) in order to improve or change their utility value for their utilization in the final consumption. In addition to electric and heat energy production there are concerned further methods for fuels upgrading, especially crude oil processing and hard coal coking. In 2002, crude oil products participated in total upgraded/improved fuels production (without electricity and heat production) with 60.3% and coking products with 28.6 %.
Production in transformation energy processes in 2002 in comparison with 2001 increased by c. .8 % (by 7 528 TJ). In 2002 production was dropping only in heat production (by 6.2 %) and gasification in industrial generating stations (by 22,8 %). In other processes there we register growth: in electricity generation (by 1.7 %), BKB production (by 12,0 %), coke production (by 0.9 %), liquid fuels production from crude oil (by 20,1 %).
Fuels and energy input in 2002 was higher than in 2001 by 0.2%. Its structure was changed in favour of fuels upgrading where input increased by 3.4%. Input for heat and electricity generation was, in 2002, lower by 14.3% as for heat and higher by 4.6% concerning electricity. Average efficiency of transformation processes in 2002 increased in comparison with 2001 from 61.4 % to 61.7 %). Inter-annual changes in production efficiency are not outstanding even in one transformation process.
Energy processes for fuels upgrading - these are productive activities, whose results is enhancement, let us say change of utility value of energy matters (fuels), that pass through them. Under energy processes in an energy balance there are considered only those processes in which on the one hand a fuel charge/input and on the other hand production/output from processes ( utilizable products ) and losses on the charge/input are qualified by means of a balance form.
In these processes there occur, as a rule, substantial chemical and physical changes in charged fuels and energy. The report/questionnaire EP 8-01 ascertains data concerning energy balance indicators of the following energy processes:
- brown coal briquetting
- high-temperature carbonization in coking plants
- gasification under pressure of coal
- liquid fuels production from crude oil
- gas works gas/generator gas production in industrial coal gasification plants
(gasification in industrial generating stations)
The energy balance of the blast-furnace gas production (blast-furnace process) is composed from the report/questionnaire EP 7-01 data, data for electric and heat energy balance compilation are surveyed by the report/questionnaire EP 10-01 and will be presented in the CSO publication "Energetics in 2002".
Primary energy sources - fuels energy sources gained directly, which did not pass through upgrading processes, i.e. natural resources (indigenous production of fuel, electricity from hydroelectric power plants, primary heat - heat from nuclear fuel), fuels and energy imports decreased by their exports, stock level change and other sources.
Charge/Input - represents fuels (energy) that directly enter into energy process where they are processed in order to improve their utility value (e.g. lignite for patent fuels production, crude oil for liquid fuels production, and so on.).
Production (utilizable products) - all energy and non-energy products, which originate in an energy process.
Working consumption - it is a total fuel and energy consumption expended on an energy process operation, i.e. on obtaining utilizable products of the energy process.
Total losses
in the energy process are defined as a difference between charge including working consumption and production.
Suppliers stock/supplies - fuels stock level designed for sale (at mining, production and business enterprises).
Consumers stock/supplies - fuels stock level designed for enterprises ( companies) production and operation. Stock draw is the difference between opening (on the 1st of January of the observed year) and closing stock level (on the 31st of December of the observed year).
Energy process efficiency - quotient of production and sum of the charge/input and working consumption of the relevant energy process.