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Statistická ročenka Královéhradeckého kraje

Methodology

2. AREA, CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT

AREA AND CLIMATE
 
The opening table gives an overview of all regions and districts of the Czech Republic. Data on areas of regions and districts as at 31 December 2008 have been derived from the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre in Prague.

The size structure of municipalities (by population) was processed following the territorial self-governing arrangement in force on 31 December 2008.

Data on climate are shown in basic meteorological figures measured at meteorological stations located in the territory of the region. These data were taken over from the Czech Institute for Hydrometeorology in Prague.

ENVIRONMENT

The environment comprises anything that creates natural conditions for the existence of organisms, including human beings, and is a prerequisite for their further evolution. Its components are especially the air, water, rocks, soil, organisms, ecosystems and energy.

Act No. 114/1992 Sb., on Nature and Landscape Conservation distinguishes six categories of especially protected areas: national parks and protected landscape areas - referred to as large protected areas, and national nature reserves, nature reserves, national nature monuments, and nature monuments referred to as small protected areas:

  • National parks - large areas unique on a national or international scale, whose major parts are occupied by ecosystems, either natural or affected little by human activity, where flora, fauna and inanimate nature are of extraordinary scientific and educational significance
  • Protected landscape areas - large areas with harmoniously shaped landscape, characteristic relief, a significant proportion of natural ecosystems of forest and permanent grass stands, a sizeable proportion of tree species and as the case may be, preserved monuments of historical settlements
  • National natural monuments – small-scale natural formations (including those formed by human activity), with deposits of minerals and habitats of endangered species in fragments of ecosystems of national or international environmental, scientific or aesthetic significance
  • National nature reserves – small-scale areas of extraordinary natural value, whose natural relief with a typical geological structure is tied with ecosystems significant at national and international levels
  • Natural monuments – the same criteria as for national natural monuments apply. The significance is regional only
  • Natural reserves – small-scale areas of concentrated natural value with ecosystems typical of and significant for the given geographical area

Environmental protection expenditures include expenditures on the acquisition of fixed assets for environmental protection and environmental protection non-investment expenditures related to environmental protection activities (technologies, processes, equipment or parts thereof), where the main purpose is to collect, treat, monitor, control, reduce, prevent, or eliminate pollutants and pollution or any other degradation of the environment, resulting from the operating activity of enterprises. The data are collected by means of an annual statistical questionnaire of the CZSO by the seat of investor's head office.

Expenditures on the acquisition of fixed assets for environmental protection are all expenditures on fixed assets acquired by reporting units through purchase, own activity, free transfer, transfer under respective legislation, or change from private use to business. Environmental protection non-investment expenditures include wage costs, payments for rent, energy and other materials and supplies and payments for services whose main purpose is the protection of the environment.

Environmental pollution control projects include:

  • Air pollution control and climate protection
  • Wastewater management
  • Waste management

Other environmental pollution control projects include:
  • Landscape and biodiversity protection
  • Soil, groundwater and surface water protection and remediation
  • Vibration and noise abatement (excl. workplace protection)
  • Radiological protection
  • Research and development
  • Grants and subsidies others
  • Other environmental protection activities

Economic benefit from environmental protection activities:
  • Revenues from the sale of services for the environmental protection: It concerns revenues from the sale of services provided for the purpose of protecting the environment
  • Revenues from the sale of by-products: It concerns revenues from the sale of by-products, which were created during activities connected with the protection of the environment
  • Savings from the re-use of by-products: Apart from the saving from the individual re-use of by-products, the saving on costs achieved by enterprises thanks to measures taken to protect the environment in a given year is also taken as a contribution

Emission refers to a process of discharging xenobiotic substances of various states into the air. Emissions are given in terms of kilograms per hour or tonnes per year.

In 2006 recalculations of emissions from heating households covering the 2000 – 2006 period were completed. The methodological adjustments resulted in decreased total heat consumption, fuel consumption, and emissions by approximately 15–20%; emissions from technical pollutants decreased by 40%. Also methodology for determination of automotive fuel consumption and emissions from mobile polluters underwent new redistribution of diesel oil consumption between means of transport and other mobile polluters. Data on automotive fuel consumption for the 2000 – 2006 period provided by the CZSO were used for updating the balance of emissions from transport, operation of agricultural and forestry machinery and other off-road vehicles (e.g. construction machinery).

The amounts of the given pollutants discharged into the air are listed in the Register of Emissions and Air Polluters (REZZO), which keeps records of the following types of polluters broken down by their thermal outputs:

  • REZZO 1 (big polluters): includes stationary fuel-burning systems 5 MW or more in thermal output, plus systems operated in especially important technological processes
  • REZZO 2 (medium size polluters): includes technological systems incorporating stationery fuel-burning equipment whose thermal output ranges from 0.2 to 5 MW, equipment of important technological processes, and coal mines and similar areas, where burning, evaporating or escaping of pollutants is possible
  • REZZO 3 (small polluters): includes local technological systems with stationary fuel-burning equipment whose thermal output is lower than 0.2 MW, production process equipment not falling into the category of big and medium-sized polluters, areas work done can pollute the air, storage sites of fuel, raw materials, products, waste and captured emitted pollutants, and other facilities and activities polluting the air to a large extent. Since 2007 emissions of solids REZZO 3 have been extended by emissions of solids from livestock farming (emissions from bedding, feed and excrement especially in stable breeding). The professional estimate of these emissions refers only to regions not districts.
  • REZZO 4 (mobile polluters): mobile systems equipped with air-polluting combustion or other engines. This group includes especially road and rail motor vehicles, vessels and aircraft

Specific emissions are emissions of pollutants per unit of time per unit of area or per capita.

Waste is any movable thing its owner disposes of or intends to dispose of, which classified to a group of wastes listed in Act on Waste. Hazardous waste is waste included in the List of Hazardous Waste given in the implementing regulation as well as any waste exhibiting one or more hazardous characteristics listed in Act on Waste.

Waste management refers to gathering, concentration, collection, purchase, sorting, transport, storing, treatment, use and disposal of waste. The ways of waste management are divided into two groups, in compliance with the division according to the EU, for waste recovery (R-codes) and for waste disposal (D-codes).

This statistical information presents results obtained by processing statistical questionnaires. The population of respondents includes enterprises and sampled municipalities (classified to CZ-NACE 751). The survey taken in enterprises according to the official seat of the producer of waste and municipalities provided data on industrial and municipal wastes, respectively.

Municipal waste refers to all wastes generated within the municipality by the activity of actual persons, coming under Group 20 of the Waste List, except for wastes produced by legal or natural persons holding a business licence. In this publication the municipal waste refers to all wastes generated within the municipality by the activity of actual persons, which is not regulated by special rules or restrictions, and similar wastes generated by trades, offices, etc., including components of these wastes collected separately.

Standard waste collection refers to collection of mixed wastes from dustbins, containers or bags.

The codes for waste management:

Recovery operations (R - codes)
R1Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy
R2Solvent reclamation /regeneration/
R3Recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not used as solvents (including biological transformation processes except composting)
R4Recycling/reclamation of metals and metal compounds
R5Recycling/reclamation of other inorganic materials
R6Regeneration of acids or bases
R7Recovery of components used for pollution abatement
R8Recovery of components from catalysts
R9Oil rerefining or other reuses of oil
R10Land treatment resulting in benefit to agriculture or ecological improvement
R11Use of wastes obtained from any of the operations numbered R1 to R10
R12Exchange of wastes for submission to any of the operations numbered R1 to R11
R13Storage of wastes pending any of the operations numbered R1 to R12 (excluding temporary storage, pending collection, on the site where it is produced)
Disposal operations (D - codes)
D1Deposit into or on to land (e.g. landfill, etc.)
D2Land treatment (e.g. biodegradation of liquid or sludgy discards in soils, etc.)
D3Deep injection (e.g. injection of pumpable discards into wells, salt domes or naturally occurring repositories, etc.)
D4Surface impoundment (e.g. placement of liquid or sludgy discards into pits, ponds or lagoons, etc.)
D5Specially engineered landfill (e.g. placement into lined discrete cells which are capped and isolated from one another and the environment, etc.)
D6Release into a water body except seas/oceans
D7Release into seas/oceans including seabed insertion
D8Biological treatment not specified elsewhere in this table which results in final compounds or‚ mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operations numbered D1 to D12
D9Physicochemical treatment not specified elsewhere in this Annex which results in final compounds or
mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operations numbered D1 to D8 and D10 to D12 (e.g. evaporation, drying, calcination, etc.)
D10Incineration on land
D11Incineration at sea
D12Permanent storage (e.g. emplacement of containers in a mine, etc.)
D13Blending or mixing prior to submission to any of the operations numbered D1 to D12
D14Repackaging prior to submission to any of the operations numbered D1 to D13
D15Storage pending any of the operations numbered D1 to D14 (excluding temporary storage, pending collection, on the site where it is produced)
Other treatment operations (N - codes)
N1Use of wastes for landscaping
N2Transfer of waste water treatment sludge for use on agricultural land
N3Transfer of waste to other authorized person (except transporters)
N5Store balance, 31 December
N7Waste exports to EU member states
N8Transfer of parts and wastes for reuse
N9Processing of car wrecks
N10Sale of wastes as a raw material
N11Use of wastes for deposit reclamation
N12Deposit of wastes as technological material to make landfills safe
N13Composting
N14Biological decontamination
N15Treading of tyres
N17Waste export to non EU states
N18Processing of electrical waste

Bulky waste collection refers to collection of wastes overly large to be placed in dustbins, containers or bags.

The enterprises covered by the survey employed 20 and more people and their principal activity classified them to CZ-NACE divisions/groups coded 01-36, 40-41, 45, 502, 505, 52, 55, 601-602, 61, 62, 642, 747, 7481, 851-852, 9211, and 93. Furthermore, units with 5 and more employees classified to CZ-NACE 37 (Recycling) and, 5155 (Wholesale of chemical products) and 5157 (Wholesale of waste and scrap) and units classified to CZ-NACE and 90 (Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities), with no limit on the number of employees, were also included in the survey.

The area of water-supply and sewerage systems embraces activities linked to the administration and operation of these systems, i.e. providing sufficient supply of good quality drinking water and removing sewage water, including its treatment.

Public water-supply and sewerage systems water-supply and sewerage systems established and run in the interest of the general good.

Production of water includes both invoiced and non-invoiced water. The sum of these two items may differ from figures for the total production by amount of water received from or supplied to other organizations.

Wastewater treatment plants are buildings and equipment used for treating wastewater in a mechanical, biological and/or another treatment stage. Equipment used for coarse pre-treatment of wastewater (rakes, sand traps, oil traps, etc.), cesspools and simple devices with mechanical function, which are not monitored and operated regularly, are not considered to be wastewater treatment plants.

The capacity or WWTPs given here referes to design capacities (in m3/day) or higher if imeplemented intensification measures that raised the design capacity have been approved by the water authority.

The data of the area of water-supply and sewerage systems have been obtained from the processing of CZSO questionnaires completed by watercourse management organizations and operators of water-supply and sewerage systems. Information on water-supply and sewerage systems has been collected form major operators. At present, a sample survey is also conducted to collect data from small operators and the data obtained are grossed up to regions and the country.

A total of 257 profiles of the state water quality monitoring network are located within the territory of the Czech Republic along important water courses. The data have been derived from the Czech Institute for Hydrometeorology in Prague. The indicators of the quality of surface water are expressed by an arithmetic mean and evaluated according to the national standard ČSN 75 7221.

Pollution degree classification:

I - very clean water
II - clean water
III - polluted water
IV - heavily polluted water
V - very heavily polluted water



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Other information is published on the CZSO web pages:
/hkk/zivotni_prostredi-xh
/hkk/chranena_uzemi-xh
/hkk/podnebi-xh
/hkk/vodovody-xh
/hkk/vyuziti_pudy-xh